Wicked Environmental Problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wicked Environmental Problems - Research Paper Example This mixture of water, sand, and chemicals will hold the fractures open and let the gas trapped inside seep back through the drilled holes to the surface. This process has the problem of the quantity of water and chemicals used. The process has its benefits in the clean fuel and economic growth. This paper will explain the negative impacts of the process and why the negative impacts are difficult to manage. Negative Environmental Impact Drilling in Allegany county of Marcellus Shale seems like a brilliant idea and an excellent opportunity that many people seek to explore. There are many flaws, however, associated with this renowned energy source. This paper only discusses the proven and documented problems. First, the focus is on the many gallons of water that will be utilized in the process. In the drilling process, to retrieve the gas, approximately four million gallons of water are required (Campbell and Laherrere 79). This water is harnessed form the nearby rivers and streams and is used until the whole process is completed. Some may say that this volume of water is insignificant compared to the average water from the municipal council that is used on a daily basis (Campbell and Laherrere 83). The water from the municipal council is used in homes and institutions, whereas the water used in the drilling process is said to be a consumptive water loss; this water does not return to the water cycle, and most of it remains deep in the ground for many years. Regulation measures should be provided to ensure that the demand for water is not as high as to debilitate the local waterways (Olsthoorn and Anna 23). Water is just one of the many ingredients of the drilling process. The second alarming concern lies in the many chemicals that are used for the effective retrieval of the gas and to hold open the cracks in the earth. These chemicals include benzene, kerosene, hydraulic acid neurotoxins, and many other dangerous chemicals (Harvey 90). For each drilling process, more than 15,000 gallons of these harmful chemicals are used. The chemicals are transported via large trucks to the drilling site where they are mixed with water. The procedure of mixing the two is risky – if a spill occurs even in small scale, the great concentration of the chemicals will have many devastating effects on human health and the environment. Small scale spills are a common occurrence and collectively these small spills have a large cumulative impact (Harvey 96). Handling and treatment of the waste water that is generated is the other problem that is associated with the drilling process. The current municipal water treatment facilities are not equipped to handle the chemicals (Marion 44). Proper treatment of the waste water is an expensive process, and, in most cases, the water is left to sit in man-made ponds, which pose significant threat to the human population in the area due to potential leaks and the wild animals that may wander into the exposed chemical p onds. Such infractions have been witnessed in the drilling processes in Pennsylvania (Marion 28). Environmentalists have claimed that the process of hydro-fracking is an extremely detrimental to the water supply and natural habitat. The process has become controversial and has received a lot of debate in the recent years (Cunningham and Mary 34). A significant amount of forestland loss and surface damage should be available for an area to undergo the process of hydro-fracking. The effect is elevated when there are multiple drill sits and an increased number of access roads. The environmentalists have argued that the process causes earthquakes and many explosions above the ground and is responsible for draining stream water, which is a precious resource in many places (Cunningham and

Grief Counseling and Process Intervention Essay Example for Free

Grief Counseling and Process Intervention Essay Abstract Grief comes in different forms and affects each person differently. Webster’s dictionary describes grief as â€Å"deep sadness caused especially by someones death, a cause of deep sadness, and trouble or annoyance†. Grief is associated with loss; loss of people, place, or thing. It is a universal experience that happens to all life. In multicultural counseling a counselor should be able to effectively treat and deal with the issues of grief, as they relate to divers groups. The boundaries between normal and complicated grief is a process. The factors of cultural, social and religious influence, also influences the grief and the level of anxiety that is raised due to that grief. Different people behave differently on the same sort of loss, and this makes it important to understand the impact which the loss has on the person. This diversity warrants further research on the topic of grief counseling and process interventions which have to be chosen in different circumstances with different people. Grief Counseling and Process Intervention Grief is a common reality of everyone’s life and almost all have to go through a phase where the loss is too big to handle. Altmaier (2011) states that, the strength of anxiety, stress and grief from a loss depends on the closeness and importance of that lost thing in the life of the person. Many researchers (Ober, et al., 2012; Howarth, 2011; Breen, 2011) have highlighted that death is one of the typical forms of complex loss that most people experienced at least once in their lives. The bereavement of loss of life can be far more devastating to an individual’s behavior and social functioning than any other type of losses. Such bereavement is common in  all cultures and there can seldom be a person who is not disturbed about the loss of a loved one (Howarth, 2011). However, the social detachment and the level of anxiety and depression after the loss can vary from culture to culture, closeness of relation with the deceased one, and the nature of the person. For this reason group counselors have to study and understand the nature and level of grief in order to use the correct strategy and process intervention for grief recovery (Altmaier, 2011). Discussion The term ‘best practices’ has been used in relation with group counseling to analyze the practices that are mostly applicable with people in grief (Kato Mann, 2009). However, several researchers (Baier Buechsel, 2012; Ober, 2011) have canceled out this term and claimed that each case would stand different and unique from the other. Because of this, generalizing the grief counseling process and intervention can be unsuccessful. Understanding the varied state of mind and grief symptoms of anger, depression, loneliness, anxiety and other symptoms are necessary for group counseling (Baier Buechsel, 2012). The Impact of Loss and Bereavement The research of Sussman (2011) founds that the grief and bereavement after a loss has different impacts on males, females and children. It has been discovered that men cope with a loss and their state of depression more quickly than women and children. The beginning of this fact can be related to the natural characteristics and the sensitivity of each individual, which is greater in women and children than in men. Stroebe, et al., (2009) separated the impact of loss into three phases and has illustrated that every individual that has experienced a loss will go through these three phases. The first phase is the instant shock where the person is in a mid-state of accepting the loss. Many people take a long time to accept the fact that a certain loss has occurred (Stroebe, Stroebe, Hansson, 2009). This has been a common view in the cases of deaths of loved ones, particularly with females and young children. This stage has the first reactions of mourning, yelling, protesting, showing anger and frustration loudly and not welcoming the occurrence of the loss (Howarth, 2011). In the second phase the loss is accepted mentally, but there remains the after  effects of the loss, in the form of social impairment and detachment of the person from the social group and/or preferring to be alone (Stroebe, Stroebe, Hansson, 2009). This is the phase where the counselors needs to get involved and observe the symptoms of the person and the duration of the loss event to know the technique and structure that needs to be used in such a situation Higgins (2009). The third phase of acceptance, is on in which the person accepts the loss and develops the belief that nothing can change the reality and life has to move on (Stroebe, Stroebe, Hansson, 1999). Allumbach Hoyt (2009) focuses the fact that grief counseling should not be stopped early in this phase, as there are chances that the patient could return to the second phase again (Allumbach Hoyt, 2009). The concept of cognitive therapy is introduced to be sure that the complete transaction of the person in grief takes place from the second phase of emotional distress and pain to the third phase of recovering and moving on with the life by suppressing the memories of the loss person or thing (Altmaier, 2011). A complex perspective of the grief loss is in the context of young children. Malkinson (2010) underlines the cognitive learning procedure of humans and explains that children from age two- five do not have a solid understanding of loss or death (Malkinson, 2010). They carry likelihood that whatever is gone will return back one day. This is typical in the case of their deceased pets, siblings or parents. As they go into adolescence they develop a better understanding of death and that the departed will not return. A loss of loved one at this stage can be very challenging because the child is already dealing with the questions of self-identity and life-direction. This type of loss can block the mindset, behavior and thinking capability of the child Higgins (2009). Process, Intervention, and Structure Several theorists have addressed the fact that after a loss people usually feel lonely and prefer to be alone as they cannot fill the space made by the loss object or person (Watson West 2006). A person being bankrupted and losing all his life savings in a flash has a high chance of getting isolated from the society and ending up as a depression patient or with physical disorders like brain tumor, high blood pressure or other disorders that happen due to stress and tension (Watson West 2006). If a therapist is consulted in such a scenario then the first thing to do is to understand  beliefs and conjectures which the person is carrying regarding the loss. They may think that people will make fun of them or they will lose their social status. They also may think that they will not be able to take care of their family and children etc. These are the thoughts that the person develops in the second phase of loss. They can become mentally and emotionally weak, not able to look at the brighter side of the scenario or what is left (Baier Buechsel, 2012). In the Task-Oriented Approach forwarded by Doel (2006), Eaton Roberts (2002) shows that the mechanism of motor performance of each individual suffering from losses processed and structured with a technique to make the person believe that the intensity and level of loss is not as big as it is perceived by the person. In his study Doel (2006) defines the practice of using volunteers who can form group with the person to be treated and the volunteers. They will act if they have not had a much greater loss and can share how they have coped with it. This has proved to be a good strategy if conducted in a proper fashion and establishing that the events described by other are similar in nature but unique from one another (Eaton Roberts, 2002). The second task is of helping the person to erase the old memories related to that person, business or any other object. The motif here is not to separate the person from the loss, but to lessen the grief and bereavement that is closely associated to the memories of the loss (Eaton Roberts, 2002). The task oriented intervention for grief counseling shows great limitations when it is implied for the grief therapy of parents who have lost their young children in an accident or been killed. Such cases were abundant after the devastating event of 9/11 and a lot of parents showed little or no recovery by the use of task oriented process and stayed in their state of depression and emotional pain. Brown (2006) has forwarded the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Model for the grief counseling of people in complicated bereavement like those who have experienced sudden death of a loved one, particularly their children. The ground of this intervention is due to the difference between the rational and the irrational thinking of the distressed people. Irrational thinking makes them perceive their lives to be intolerable without the existence of the deceased one (Brown, 2006). In the CBT process, close bonds are developed with such people and they are given the chance to express the effect of such a loss on their present and future.  This presumption, usually based on irrational thinking, is first replicated by other irrational support (Malkinson, 2010). For example, if a mother has lost her child then she is made to believe that her child will be remembered as the one who sacrificed his/her life and he/she would have attained a higher state in the heaven. The parallel of the irrational thinking with other irrational belief was carried out in the study of Cigno (2006) on ‘Cognitive-behavioral practice’ with 18 mothers and 11 fathers whom children became victim of the street crimes or terrorist activities. Cigno found out that 72.4% of the parents in this research showed signs of improvement and were able to enter the second phase of loss grief to the third phase. At this stage, activities of social engagement and task oriented approach can be available to ensure maximum grief recovery of those people (Cigno, 2006). The Complicated Grief Intervention Model (CGIM) To empower the counselors and the social workers in treating complicated grief, there is a need of a model that can define the approach and plan of counselors when they are dealing with a bereaved person (Morris, 2006). The grief of loss of the loved one, a major business downfall or other losses which have a great impact on the outlook of one’s life can be included in complicated grief. The counselor assesses the need and the present condition of the bereaved one in the first step of the model. This is not limited to the emotional state, but also to the practical side; the work and family responsibilities of the bereaved one that are affected by the disposition of the person. These things can be assessed by using the narrative technique and asking the people about their stories related to the lost person or object. A secondary assessment is also suggested where the friends or family members of the bereaved one are interviewed to know the extent of grief (Altmaier, 2011). When the counselor prescribes activities or medicines to the bereaved person this is the second stage is of intervention. It has been a common observation by many researchers (Watson West, 2006; Silversides, 2011; Morris (2006) that counselors are not result-oriented in their intervention. Silversides (2011) discusses that many counselors do not plan the outcome of the activity and they do not regularly evaluate the success of the activity. Because of this practice the recovery is temporary. There have been cases reported to have developed the  same state of depression and grief after the therapy was over (Silversides, 2011). For instance, if a hobby is suggested to the bereaved person to exercise, some of the questions that need to be answered are: what will be the duration of the exercise? What end results it will bring or tend to bring? How will it help the bereaved person to replicate the negative irrational thinking with positive irrational thinking? What will be the consequences of the exercise after it is discontinued for more than 6 months? What will be the approach if the person develops the same state of mind again? Answering these questions prior to starting the intervention strategy will raise the probability of achieving desired results over the anticipated time (Drenth, Herbst, Strydom, 2010). It is evident that some part of the therapy, like counseling sessions and workshops cannot last forever and they need to be stopped after some period, while few of the routine activities can be carried on for a much longer period as the person wants to. It is necessary for the social worker or counselor to understand the significance of the activities and which are for finite period, and analyze if there would be a need to prolong, modify or substitute it with another activity as per the requirement of the person (Johnsen, Dyregrov, Dyregrov, 2012). It is both natural and biblical to grieve. The reality is that no matter how happy those who have gone are, and how much they gain by the move, the loss is suffered , and trying to live in denial of this reality is not heroic but caving in to social or religious pressure that is not of God. There is much evidence that those who confront their inner pain head-on, heal quickest. Inner pain will gradually retreat when we face it, but it will keep haunting us if we run from it. â€Å"Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned everyone to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:4-6, KJV). Conclusion Grief is a natural occurring and almost every human goes through this phenomenon at some point of time in his or her life. The extent of grief is dependent on factors of closeness with the lost person or thing and the  rational and irrational thinking that the person has developed after the loss. The state of complex grief or bereavement occurs mostly in the case of losing the love ones and entering into the state of loneliness, anger and depression. The degree of these symptoms is more pronounced in teen agers and women. It is for this reason that counselors have to understand the nature and extent of the grief and the irrational thinking that have been developed as a result to prescribe a therapy or activity that best suits the need of the bereaved one. References Allumbach, L., Hoyt, W. (2009). Effectiveness of grief therapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46, 370–380. Altmaier, E. (2011). Best Practices in Counselling Grief and Loss: Finding Benefit From Trauma. Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 33 (1), 33-47. Baier, M., Buechsel, R. (2012). A model to help bereaved individuals understand the grief process. Mental Health Practice, 16(1), 28-32. Breen, L. (2011). Professionals experiences of grief counseling: implications for bridging the gap between research and practice. Omega, 62(3), pp. 285-303. Brown, H.C., 2006, ‘Counseling’, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli M. Payne (eds.), Social work. Themes, issues and critical debates, pp. 139–148, Palgrave, London. Cigno, K., 2006, ‘Cognitive-behavioral practice’, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli M. Payne (eds.), Social work. Themes, issues and critical debates, pp. 180–190, Palgrave, London. Doel, M., 2006, ‘Task-Centered workâ⠂¬â„¢, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli M. Payne (eds.), Social work. Themes, issues and critical debates, pp. 191–199, Palgrave, London. Drenth, C., Herbst, A., Strydom, S. (2010). A complicated grief intervention model. Journal of interdisciplinary Health sciences , 10 (1), 97-109. Eaton, Y.M. Roberts, A.R., 2002, ‘Frontline crisis intervention: Step-by-step practice guidelines with case applications’, in A.R. Roberts G.J. Greene (eds.), Social workers’ desk reference, pp. 89–96, University Press, Oxford. Higgins, P. C. (2009). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner, Fourth Edition. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(7), 653-654. doi:10.1089/jpm.2009.9590 Holland, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., Boelen, P. A., Prigerson, H. G. (2009). The underlying structure of grief: A taxometric investigation of prolonged and normal reactions to loss. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 190-201. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9113-1 Howarth, R. A. (2011). Concepts and controversies in grief and loss. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(1), 4-10. Retrieved from Johnsen, I., Dyregrov, A., Dyregrov, K. (2012). Participants with prolonged grief how do they benefit from grief group participation. Omega, 65(2), pp. 87-105. Kato, P., Mann, T. (2009). A sysnthesis of psychological intervention for the bereaved. Clinical Psychology , 16, 275-296. Malkinson, R. (2010). Cognitive-Behavioral Grief Therapy: The ABC Model of Rational-Emotion Behavior Therapy. Psychological Topics , 2, 289-305. Morris, T., 2006, Social work research methods: four alternative paradigms, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks. Ober, A. M., Granello, D. H., Wheaton, J. E. (2012). Grief counseling: An investigation of counselors training, experience, and competencies. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 90(2), 150-159. Retrieved from Silversides, A. (2011). When loss leads in new directions. Jane Simington shares hard-won lessons about healing. The Canadian Nurse, 107(6), 34-35. Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Hansson, R. (1999). Handbook of Bereavement: Theory, Research, and Intervention. New York: Press Syndicate .

The Truman Show And Hierophonic Visions :: essays research papers

"The Truman Show" and Hierophonic Visions The Truman Show depicts the life of a human that was adopted by a company and filmed all his life. His life had been broadcast all around the world and people everywhere have lived his life with him. The story starts with the main character, Truman, an adult and married now, leaving for work. It follows his day by day routine and the viewer quickly realizes how boring and mundane this man's life is. The hierophonic vision in the movie was the smile of the young woman Truman saw while he was in high school. It stood out because of the sincerity of her smile. Truman hadn't seen the behavior of someone making their own decisions, in this case her decision to smile at him, so when it occurred his normal life of pretend emotions faded away and lost all importance. What took its place was a dream of this other world that, through her smile, he saw a glimpse of. Throughout the rest of his life, Truman longed for so much more than his mediocre life, cutting out pictures of models in hopes of recreating the look that he received from the girl. He also showed his discontentment through what he said to his friend when he told him that he wanted to go to Fiji. This desire built up and Truman became less and less trusting of his world until the day came that he decided to sail away from his reality, where everything evolved around him. I see this movie as an analogy of the story of the Garden of Eden in the Bible. Truman, playing Adam, is tempted to desire more than this perfect life he was given. Christof, the "creator" gave Truman a life without hurt, without pain, without most of the troubles that humans deal with throughout their lives and even though everyone Truman encountered were merely scripted acquaintances, he still had the ability to make his own decisions. So when the smile of the woman caught his attention, he desired for more, he, in a way, desired for the tree of knowledge of good and evil. He controlled the members of his society, like Adam controlled the beasts of the garden, but Christof controlled both the actors and Truman by his ability to change weather, time of day, what people said, and other means. So when the serpant, the woman from outside of Truman's world, tempted him with a new reality, his curiosity took over and all he could think about was this idea of something diff erent, something he was unable to have.

Online dating Essay

Online dating which allows individuals, couples and groups to make contact and communicate with each other over the Internet, usually with the objective of developing a personal romantic or sexual relationship. Around 30% of America’s 80 million baby boomers are single. Since 2003, several free dating sites, operating on ad based-revenue rather than monthly subscriptions, have appeared and become increasingly popular. These advertisements are nothing but merely deception. The way it works is impractical and unrealistic. I’d say it is one of the most passive ways that some lonely person sitting on his couch all day can find the fantasy woman of his dreams. Advertisers use different methods to attract consumers in an effort to entice them to buy their products. E-Harmony, an online dating service, uses a form of deception to attract the consumer in an attempt to lure the person into signing up for their dating service. Their practice is not entirely deceptive, but is for the most part. The ad portrays two people, blissfully in love. With brightly lit smiles while gazing lovingly into each other’s eyes, each person explains how he or she found their own true love by using this service. The e-Harmony success story continues as they explain how the person they are madly in love with is simply perfect for them in every way. Love and romance practically jumps out from the ad. The ad is somewhat deceptive because it makes it look like all a lonely person who is looking for a meaningful relationship has to do is go to e-Harmony, and he or she will instantly find true love. Yes, it is possible to find someone using this service but it is not realistic. People who use the service go through a longer process, meeting different potential partners, getting to know them and more than likely moving on to the next prospect. The ad makes it look too easy to find someone to be involved with in a serious relationship. By placing the entire focus on the ultimate goal, and exaggerating the potential end result (two people madly in love) plays on the viewer’s emotions. Someone who is in this situation may be vulnerable, so being subjected to the image of lover’s ultimate bliss, may cause him or her not to think rationally. That picture of two exceedingly happy lovers is what that viewer may yearn for to the point of believing what the ad sells, an expectation that is more than likely too high.

Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan Essay

Christopher Columbus is one of the best-known of all explorers. He is famous for his voyage in 1492, when he â€Å"discovered† America while he was looking for a way to sail to Asia. Columbus was probably born in Genoa, Italy, around 1451. His real name was Christoforo Columbo. His wife, a Portuguese women who he married around 1480, was Felipa Perestrello e Moniz. They had one son named Diego. He made several voyages to the New World, which he thought was Asia. His first voyage took place in 1492. He led an expedition of three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. On October 12, 1492, the expedition landed on a small island in the Caribbean Sea. Columbus was sure that he was close to Asia. His second voyage was from 1493 to 1496. This time, he took 17 ships and 1200 sailors and colonists looking for riches in the New World and a quick route to Asia. On this trip, he explored Cuba and discovered the islands of Jamaica, Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico. He went again to the New World from 1498 to 1500. His final voyage was in 1502-1504. Christopher Columbus died in 1506. He was not the first European to find North America. The Vikings had come to northern North America hundreds of years earlier. However, Columbus is important because his explorations made Europeans much more aware of the New World and helped to encourage more exploration of North and South America in the 1500s. Ferdinand Magellan and his discovery of the Philippines FERNÃÆ'O Magalhaes was born in Portugal around 1480, the son of the mayor of his native town. His interest in the nautical sciences started when he studied in the Court of Portugal. These studies filled him at an early age with enthusiasm for the great voyages of discovery which were being made at that period. In 1505, he took part in the expedition of Francisco d’Almeida to establish the Portuguese viceroyalty in India. In 1511 he was in the Portuguese conquest of Malacca and he subsequently took part in the Portuguese expedition to Morocco. After getting entangled in a personal disagreement with his commander in chief and falling from the grace of the King after a report from Almedia, he devoted himself to his studies and projects, particularly reports of the recently discovered Moluccas sent by a friend, Serrà £o. Serrà £o had so greatly exaggerated the distance of the Moluccas to the east of Malacca that the islands appeared to lie within the half of the world granted by the Pope to Spain. Magalhaes resolved to seek the Moluccas by sailing to the west around South America. As he could not obtain support from his country, he renounced his Portuguese nationality, offered his services to Spain, and took the name Ferdinand Magellan. King Charles appointed him commander of a fleet of five vessels, with provisions for 234 persons for two years. Magellan commanded the chief ship, the Trinidad; Juan de Cartagena, the San Antonio; Gaspar de Quesada, the Concepcion; Luis de Mendoza, the Victoria; and Juan Serrano, the Santiago. The expedition also included the chronicler Antonio Pigafetta. The fleet sailed September 20, 1519, from San Lucar de Barameda, enduring the treacherous seas, winter, and a mutiny that saw the execution of De Cartagena and De Mendoza. More than a year after they set sail, they reached the Cape Virgenes that led to the entrance to the straits which today bear his name, the Magellan Straits. Suffering from the desertion of one of his ships, the San Antonio, he entered the straits and after three weeks reached the open sea on the other side, which he named Mar Pacifico. He continued to sail west and on March 15, 1521, he reached the Archipelago of San Lazaro. He was received in an amiable manner by the chief of the island of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, who was baptized along with several hundred of his followers. He then proceeded to subdue the neighboring island of Mactan but was killed in an encounter with the group of Lapu-lapu. His demise prevented Ferdinand Magellan from reaching his goal – the Moluccas – but his voyage accomplished the feat of circumnavigating the world, and that gave the first positive proof that the earth was round. What remained of his men – 18 of the more than 230 who began the journey with him – sailed back to Spain. Ferdinand Magellan and the Spaniards thus introduced the people of the Philippines to Christianity and opened it to the outside world.

Geographic information system Essay Example

Geographic information system Essay Example Geographic information system Essay Geographic information system Essay In a proper way we will have apply the accepted geologic principles. A proper considerations of analytical factors will help in our effort. As there are various types of rock a photographic representation or guide line is not of much importance. In fact the number and relative effectiveness of geological events and various process (causes) that have acted upon them Is of much Importance to evaluate such features. This paper concentrate on the estimation of natural resources with the help of the Aerial photographic analysis. Key Words :1. Remote Sensing 2. Photograph 3. Natural resources 4. Information 5. Sub Area :Remote Sensing Broad Area :Engineering Geology Remote sensing is a technique by which collection of information about any object on the earth surface by recording device that Is not In physical contact with It. This technique is usually restricted to mean methods that record reflected or can say radiated electromagnetic energy, rather than methods that that involve significant penetration beneath(in to) the earth. With the help of Remote sensing technique, taking photograph [aerial photograph] and Interpret It. In fact geological studies are mostly dependent on the field and lab studies , but aerial photo exploitation revised sufficient informative data. The stereoscopic examination of aerial photographs makes possible the identification, selection, demarcation and delineation of lithographic units and enables to establish the stereographic sequence. Black and white photographs several standard such as tone, texture, landforms, topographic expression, slope, drainage pattern and texture, soil, vegetation, mode of weathering and surface features help in the identification of rocks. : Theory of Application of Remote Sensing Aerial photographs as well as satellite imagines occur with the Implementation of emote sensing with employing electromagnetic energy as the means of measuring 1 OFF because of Four-Fold reasons: 1. It provides a permanent record of any objects at any moment of time to the observer. 2. Characteristics feature of Any object which is not visible, can transformed into image clearly. 3. Certain types of aerial photographs and imagery can provide a 3-D view clearly. 4. It represents a relationships among larger area of Earth from a perspective view and provide a format by which we can study of any objects. Unlikeness of topography: It is more understandable on aerial photos than on the spot or in the fields. Topography refers to the level of the land. The difference in level is because of differences in resistances and binding capacities between the rock institution. It is because of this nature tough rocks like sandstones, quartzites granites make higher levels but the week rocks like clays and shale from lower levels. 2. Slope of Surface: This also gives valuable informations with references to underlying materials. Harder rocks form steeper slopes , sandstone forms cliffs but shale forms lower angle slope. On the other hand climate is an important factor in affecting the topography . Just depressed topography while it is tough in dry as lime stone in wet climate forms climate. Some igneous rocks also exhibit the same nature. 3. Drainage: The drainage capacity of rocks of two types (a) Macro drainage: It is like a surface drainage (b) Micro drainage: This includes the pattern and textures of the internal drainage character. The internal drainage is a recognizable feature from an aerial photograph. Impermeable rocks have short and closely formed deepest channels caused by the scattered. But sandstones which have high permeability and a tendency to form a moving mass of water rather than forming gullies. Drainage texture is also related to spacing of Joints and fractures. 4. Geometry of Rock shape and relative arrangement of rocks] This enables the interpreter to distinguish consolidated form unconsolidated sediments and sedimentary from igneous rocks. Belted topography may be the result of tilted consolidated sediments and irregular. Dykes are generally noted by their forms and pattern. Acid dykes are more resistant while basic dykes are less in humid areas. 5. Features of Surface: In topographic map this features will appear so small, but this is very important for topographical interpretation from aerial photographs. Various distinctive micro- features marks in this aerial photography for gneiss, gravel, shale, schist, reality, sand-shale, siltstone, basalt, serpentine, granite , lava etc. 6. Tone and Color: In this section, relative tones play very important role to detection of natural resources.

How businesses are affected by competition Essays - Market Structure

How businesses are affected by competition Essays - Market Structure How businesses are affected by competition Some markets are highly competitive, while others are a lot less so. A good example of a competitive market in which there are many buyers and sellers is that of Internet booksellers. Because there are so many firms selling identical products then the price of these books will be highly similar. This competition helps to drive down the profit that such firms can make. Competition occurs when two or more organisations act independently to supply their products to the same group of consumers. Direct and indirect competition Direct competition exists where organisations produce similar products that appeal to the same group of consumers. For example when two supermarkets offer the same range of chocolate bars for sale. Indirect competition exists when different firms make or sell items which although not in head to head competition still compete for the same in the customers pocket. For example, a High Street shop selling CD's may be competing with a cinema that is also trying to entice young shoppers to spend money on leisure activities. What would happen if there was no competition? If there was no competition in the markets, companies woud neglect technological development and cost reduction efforts. Price and service would become more advantageous to companies, and consumers would result in no receipt of benefits. Now, let us take a look at what would happen if there was no competition in the markets. If different stores did not compete with each other and talked to each other to raise the price, we would only be able to buy the same product at the same price, wherever we went shopping. If manufacturers decided on the stores' selling prices, the stores would not be able to compete on price. We would have to buy the same product at a high price, wherever we went shopping. If successful bidders for public works were chosen by underhand discussions between the bidders, the cost of the public works would be higher than the original cost adequate to the works. This would result in a waste of our taxes. If one manufacturer monopolize one market by ousting its rivals, there would be no competition in the market. As a result, we would not be able to choose products of better quality and lower prices. If several companies jointly forced certain companies offering products and services at lower prices out of the market, we would lose the opportunity to choose a product for a lower price or better service. If two companies with large market shares merged to form a new company and monopolized the market, there would be no competition. Then, if the price rose, we would have no choice but to buy the product from the new company. 12 Reasons Why Competition Is Good For Business By Susan Oakes 7 Comments 12 Reasons Why Competition Is Good For Business By Susan Oakes 7 Comments 0 27 1 1 Have you ever thought that marketing your small business would be easier without competitors? Most of us have at time to time. Whilst you shouldn't be fixated on your competitors, you can't afford to ignore them. Having competitors is healthy and this video shows one reason why - collaboration: Remember the competition you face in your market may be direct or indirect. Here are another 11 reasons why it is good for your business: Helps grow your business and market Reminds you to focus on keeping your key customers Provides opportunities for creative thinking Stops complacency Allows for working together on common industry or market issues Can motivate you to a higher standard of customer service or innovation Provides ideas you can adapt for your products or services Helps identify potential threats to your business Helps your strengths and weaknesses Provides an alternative for customers who are not a good fit for your business Helps you work smarter The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Competitive Workplace by Jared Lewis Competition in the workplace can be a good thing for a number of different reasons. By the same token though, competition can also have some disadvantages. Some industries are more conducive to competition in the workplace than others. For instance, those in the sales field will typically be more competitive with coworkers than individuals in other fields, such as information technology. Nonetheless, a little competition in even the least competitive industries can be positive. Grammarly Makes Sure Everything You Type Is Effective And Mistake-Free. Try Now! Production One